The airplane is one of the remarkable inventions of the 20th century. Its invention not only transformed the lives of the people about five decades ago but also revolutionized the transport and communication industry. The invention of the airplane was spearheaded by the longstanding flight dream of humanity, propelled by curiosity, ambition, and advancements in engineering, technology, and science. Early civilization, even before the 20th century, took a keen observation of birds and developed some myths and experiments, but true progress in the development of the airplane started with studies of mechanical propulsion and aerodynamics. The Industrial Revolution played a significant role in this invention because it introduced materials, such as lightweight metals and strong engines capable of producing enough power to flight metals, concrete, and heavy plastics. Scientists like Sir George Carley and Otto Lilienthal conducted systematic studies and laid the groundwork for an airplane (Lilienthal, 1911). Later, in the early 20th century, the Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville, worked together and combined some principles from Otto and Carley, such as a three-axis control system, to make a better airplane. These brothers also did meticulous experiments, such as using wind tunnels to refine their designs. On December 17th, 1903, these two brothers achieved their first powered and controlled flight in North Carolina (Wright &amp; Wright, 1953). Such a breakthrough succeeded due to scientific curiosity, practical experimentation, and engineering ingenuity. Therefore, as this paper delves into the invention and advancement of the airplane, it should be remembered that it has revolutionized transportation, reshaped global economies, and had far-reaching effects on warfare, culture, and society since the second quarter of the 20th century.

Invention and Advancement of Airplane in the 20th Century

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