Short folk rhymes and longer rhymed stories known as toasts had long been a popular form of communication and art within African American culture. Although frequently these rhymes were spoken simply for entertainment, they were often vehicles to express attitudes of protest against oppression. The famous boxer Muhammad Ali, who had embraced the Nation of Islam in 1961, was famous for his own use of rhymes and stylistic language, sometimes even when talking about the Nation of Islam’s doctrines. The Nation’s teachings were themselves very protest-oriented, and because of the Nation’s growing popularity in the 1960s, particularly through skillful speakers like Ali himself and Malcolm X, it was almost natural for the Islamic themes to find their way into black poetic art. Soon, African American culture saw a rising tendency to incorporate Islam with both written and spoken poetry. In some cases, such as with the artist collective the Last Poets, which formed in Harlem in 1968, Islam-infused poetry was spoken over drums and other accompanying music.

The Islam-Hip Hop Connection: A Brief Narrative

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