Introduction 1) Introduction to the topic of cartography during the Qing dynastyDuring the Qing dynasty, cartography played a crucial role in mapping the vast territories of China. It was a period of unique cartographic developments characterized by a two-layered phenomenon. At the top layer, the Qing court adopted foreign cartographic practices, influenced by Western mapping techniques and tools. Meanwhile, at the bottom layer, indigenous mapping traditions remained largely unaffected by foreign influences. This duality created a fascinating dynamic, with top-down political mapping embracing foreign practices, while bottom-up indigenous mapping preserved traditional techniques and cultural elements. Understanding this two-layered phenomenon sheds light on the complex history of cartography during the Qing dynasty.

Mapping the Qing Dynasty 

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